The Incentives to Enhance Teachers ’ Teaching Profession : An Empirical Study in Hong Kong Primary Schools

This purpose of this study is to investigate the incentives to enhance primary teachers’ teaching profession in Hong Kong. The survey technique was employed and 460 questionnaires were collected. The findings showed that ‘asking teachers to get certifiedand get CPD’, ‘financial incentives’, ‘teachers’ subsequent career progression’ ‘initial teacher training, ‘teachers on-the-job training and support’, and ‘sufficient time to teachers to prepare their knowledge and skills’were the most useful incentives to remain primary teachers in teaching profession. The findings also showed that ‘school resources’, ‘principal leadership’ and ‘tending to be employed “close to home” were the least useful incentives to remain primary teachers in teaching profession.


Introduction
A new knowledge-based economy has emerged around the world.It has a great impact to the importance of education to individual and societal success.As a consequence, a knowledge-based economy has led to intensive reforms of education systems in most countries.To meet the complex demands of today's education reforms, those countries have emphasized on improving teacher education and recognizing that preparing accomplished teachers who can adapt to the fast advances in knowledge and technologies, different systems and policies, and rapid developments in the wider socio-economic environment.Eventually, schools employ only "highly qualified teachers" (Darling-Hammond, 2005).

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The first incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is financial incentive (Denlinger, 2002;Harman, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002;Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).In the highly localized landscape of U.S. education, the meaning of the term "teacher pay" varies from district to district (Harman, 2002).Low salary is a main problem of teacher deficits.Therefore, it is suggested to offer our college students education careers that will give them salaries comparable to those in other career fields (Denlinger, 2002).In order to overcome the competition for high-quality teachers, policymakers in most countries devised ways to make teaching more attractive, such as bonuses, pensions, mortgage subsidies or health club memberships, etc. (Johnson et al., 2002).If financial incentives went up significantly in every school, the job market became more competitive in education.As a result, the shortage of teachers would disappear and the quality of education would improve (Denlinger, 2002;Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).
The second incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is the working condition (Denlinger, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002;Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).Studies show that poor working conditions can enable good teachers to quit their teaching profession (Denlinger, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002).Besides, school resources directly affect the teachers' teaching profession standards (Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009) and new teachers need support to develop the necessary knowledge and skills (Johnson et al., 2002).However, most schools cannot provide good working conditions for new teachers to cope with difficulties and become better teachers (Johnson et al., 2002).
The third incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is principal leadership (Johnson et al., 2002;Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).The main jobs of principals are to lead teachers (Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009), and restructure schools to support individual, group and organizational learning (Johnson et al., 2002).The principal should play a leading role in establishing faculty norms and facilitating interaction among teachers with various level of experience (Johnson et al., 2002).
The fourth incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is the initial teacher training (Beck, 2009).The induction program (Johnson et al., 2002) and mentoring (Kelly, 2002) should be provided to new teachers.However, studies showed that mentoring and other induction programs were limited because they were not embedded within a professional culture that valued and supported these relationships and activities.In the worst cases, school leaders played no role in creating a culture that was welcoming and supportive to new teachers (Johnson et al., 2002).
The fifth incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is teachers' subsequent career progression (Harman, 2002;Kelly, 2002;Beck, 2009).Providing opportunities for teachers to promote to higher position (Harman, 2002;Beck, 2009) or to participate in administrative works (Kelly, 2002) can enhance their teaching profession.Some studies found that lead-teacher programs led to "new cooperation, collaboration, and collegial spirit among teachers and administrators", while other reported increased "tension and conflict" (Kelly, 2002).
The sixth incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is 'tending to be employed close to home' (Boyd, Lankford, Loeb, & Wyckoff, 2005).Teachers are willing to remain in the teaching profession or performing better if they can work close to their homes (Boyd et al., 2005).
The seventh incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is to provide sufficient time to teachers to prepare their knowledge and skills (Sparks, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002).New teachers need time to develop the necessary knowledge and skills.However, few of the new teachers said that their schools provided them sufficient time to prepare the necessary knowledge and skills (Johnson et al., 2002).

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The eighth incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is on-the-job training and support (Sparks, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002).Staff development programs work best when designed to deepen teachers' knowledge of the content they teach and expand their repertoire of research-based instructional skills.These programs provide ongoing classroom assistance in implementing these new skills, create regular opportunities for serious collaborative work, develop teachers' classroom assessment skills, and content teachers to other professionals within and beyond their schools.But the potential of any educational improvement program will be wasted unless teachers have the training, follow-up, time, and other forms of support they need to implement them.The public needs to support quality staff development.Efforts to expand teachers' knowledge and skills will pay off for students if staff development is tied to clear and high standards for student learning and if every teacher is given sufficient time to learn, absorb, and implement the new techniques and technologies.Then a teaching force can be created to teach in tomorrow's classroom (Sparks, 2002).
The ninth incentive suggested to spur the teachers' teaching profession is to ask teachers to get certified (Denlinger, 2002;Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).In U.S., teachers are required to be certified by the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) (Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).To get certified, teachers must be able to explain and demonstrate their classroom practices (Denlinger, 2002).
In this study, we involved in the research of what type of incentives being used to enhance the teachers' teaching profession in Hong Kong.To meet the complex demands of today's education reforms, Hong Kong Education Bureau (EB) set a report on the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) (Hong Kong Education Bureau [EB], 2009) for teachers' future development, and required teachers to access to a variety of professional learning experiences through a balanced selection of activities.As a reference for teachers and schools in formulating their CPD plans, the distribution of time among the various modes of CPD is proposed below: (a) in a three-year cycle, not less than 50 CPD hours should be spent on structured learning (for example, short courses, seminars and conferences, workshops, degree awarding programmes) and not less than 50 CPD hours on other modes of CPD (for example, sharing of good or innovative teaching practice within and across schools, sharing of professional readings and ideas in the context of learning / study circles, mentoring, serving in education-related committees, presenting as trainers / facilitators / speakers for professional development programmes); and (b) the remaining CPD hours can be freely apportioned between structured / other CPD modes at individual teachers' own discretion.Time spent on school-organized staff development days should be appropriately registered according to the mode of professional development experienced.Regarding the timing of CPD activities, the three-year cycle provides the flexibility to make adjustments to suit teachers' individual circumstances (EB, 2009).

Research Methodology
This research used the survey questionnaire to investigate the perceptions of the primary school teachers what kinds of incentives can enhance the teaching profession.The types of incentives were divided into 9 areas: (1) improving the financial incentives (Denlinger, 2002;Harman, 2002 5) improving teachers' subsequent career progression (Harman, 2002;Kelly, 2002;Beck, 2009), (6) tending to be employed close to home' (Boyd et al., 2005), (7) providing sufficient time to teachers to prepare their knowledge and skills (Sparks, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002), (8) providing teachers on-the-job training and support (Sparks, 2002;Johnson et al., 2002), and (9) asking teachers to get certified (Denlinger, 2002;Goldhaber & Hansen, 2009).Five-point Likert-type scales were assigned to all types of incentives.These items were anchored at (5) strongly agree; (4) agree; (3) no idea; (2) disagree and (1) strongly disagree.For the survey, the random sampling method was first used to select different schools from a list of all Hong Kong primary schools and then a purposive sampling for heterogeneity within the group sampled.Thus, 460 questionnaires were collected from a total of 556 which had been distributed to 102 primary schools.This research mainly used mean and standard deviation in the analyses of data.

Findings
Table 1 shows the demographic statistics of the respondents.From the table1, 12.2% of respondents have less than 1 year working experience, 29.1% of them have more than 1 year but less than 3 years working experience, 23.7% of than have more than 3 years but less than 5 years working experience, the rest of them have more than 5 years working experience.12.2% of respondents are under age of 25, 33.9% of them are higher than 25 but less than 30, 22.8% of them are higher than 30 but less than 40, the rest of them are higher than 40.Finally, 7.6% of respondents have not completed the degree yet, 15.2% of them have completed the degree but without postgraduate diploma in education, 60.9% have completed the undergraduate degree and postgraduate diploma in Education, the rest of them have completed master degree.~ 41 ~ Table 2 shows the means of five different kinds of incentives to remain the primary teachers in teaching profession.Among the kinds of incentives perceived by the respondents, 6 out of 9 kinds of incentives were given a mean score of above 3.5.The results showed that 'asking teachers to get certified and get CPD' (mean = 4.35, standard deviation = 0.65), 'financial incentives' (mean = 4.12, standard deviation = 0.517), 'teachers' subsequent career progression' (mean = 4.09, standard deviation = 0.654), 'initial teacher training' (mean = 4.05, standard deviation = 0.754), 'teachers on-the-job training and support' (mean = 3.85, standard deviation = 0.56), and 'sufficient time to teachers to prepare their knowledge and skills' (mean = 3.6, standard deviation = 0.648) topped the most agreed kinds of incentives.While the least agreed kinds of incentives rated with a mean score of below 3.5 were 'school resources' (mean = 3.22, standard deviation = 0.924), 'principal leadership' (mean = 3.37, standard deviation = 0.804) and 'tending to be employed "close to home" (mean = 3.2, standard deviation = 0.767).Findings showed that 'school resources', 'principal leadership' and 'tending to be employed "close to home" were the least useful incentives to remain primary teachers in teaching profession.The findings were consistent with evidences shown by Boyd et al. (2005), and Goldhaber and Hansen (2009) that those incentives can remain teachers in teaching profession.Hong Kong is a small city and the transport facilities are convenient.Most teachers did not worry so much about the school ~ 42 ~ locations.In addition, most principals received training and they could manage schools effectively.Therefore, most teachers did not worry about the leadership skills of their bosses.Finally, Hong Kong government supplied sufficient resources, e.g.computers and projectors etc. to all schools.Therefore, most teachers thought that they must have sufficient school resources for their teaching.
In conclusion, five kinds of incentives are perceived as being useful to remain teachers in the teaching profession, but the degree of their influences is not the same.

Limitation and Future Research
There are some limitations of the study.First, and most important, it should be remembered that the findings are based on the respondents' perceptions.Second, generalization of the results is limited by the distribution of the questionnaire.
To improve the validity and reliability, some recommendations are suggested as follows.First a lager sampling scale with larger size and more types of schools widely located in the place studied should be recommended because the larger is the scale of the project, the data obtained will be more valid, reliable, representative and generalized of the whole population.Second, other method of research, e.g.interview, can be used to gain better understanding of whole picture.

Table 1 .
Demographic statistics of the respondents

Table 2 .
Means of different kinds of incentives

. Discussion and Conclusions Findings
Beck (2009)nd Hansen (2009)s to get certifiedand get CPD', 'financial incentives', 'teachers' subsequent career progression' 'initial teacher training, 'teachers on-the-job training and support', and 'sufficient time to teachers to prepare their knowledge and skills'were the most useful incentives to remain primary teachers in teaching profession.This finding was consistent with the evidence shown byDenlinger (2002);Harman (2002);Johnson et al. (2002);Goldhaber and Hansen (2009)andBeck (2009).In Hong Kong, the economy became weak after the financial crisis happened in September 2008.Most teachers preferred to find a high pay and more secure job.Besides, most teachers preferred to choose a long term job with a good career progression.